In 1854 the Utah Territorial Legislature passed an act establishing the office of county sheriff with a two-year elected term. In 1857 Judge Peter Maughan appointed William Henry Garr as the first sheriff of Cache County. The first legislature of the state of Utah officially incorporated the office in 1896, and they cited preservation of the peace and the making of lawful arrests among its major duties. Over the years, the Cache County Sheriff's Office grew and expanded with the population, changing jail locations several times. In 1887 Logan and Cache County joined forces to build a stone jail near the county courthouse, which remained in use until the 1960s.

Miles Peterson was elected to the office of sheriff in 1920, at the conclusion of J.H. Barker's term. He served as sheriff until 1922, when the law changed the term of office from two years to four. He was reelected and stayed in office until 1926. Peterson, a World War I veteran, was well-known and respected by the people of Cache Valley. He was not reelected in 1926 when his second term ended, but he remained prominent in the community. He served as a deputy under the new sheriff, Will Shaw, until 1930 when he retired from public service and turned to full-time farming. His January 5, 1938 death was front-page news in the local paper, The Herald Journal.

The sheriff's correspondence indicates he had a wide variety of responsibilities. He spent a great deal of his time locating witnesses, serving summonses, acting as bill collector, and tracking down suspects from other jurisdictions (at the behest of officials from neighboring counties). Not all of the sheriff's duties were quite so mundane, however. The problems and issues of the 1920s found their way into Cache Valley, just as they did into many other small locales across America. A scribbled map detailing the location of an alleged illegal whiskey operation proves that Prohibition concerns were alive and well in Cache County (Box 1, Folder 7). Domestic disputes also were the province of the sheriff's office. A series of notes from a young woman asking the sheriff to "come down" and "take care of" a young man who had apparently mistreated her, demonstrate the involvement of Cache County law enforcement in personal and family matters (Box 3, Folder 1).